Helping users find code by automatically running alternative queries

When a user searches for func.*test should we automatically assume this pattern is a regular expression? It could make sense, since .* is a common pattern to match any number of characters. How about if the user searched for import javax.swing.* instead? This time, the user might actually be searching for the exact string to find wildcard imports statements. So maybe that .* is meant to find the string literally, not as a regular expression pattern. This is just one of many examples where it is difficult to discover user intent based purely on query syntax. A good query language will offer ways to explicitly disambiguate intent (e.g., use quotes or escape sequences) but this takes time to learn and can get in a user's way.

Sourcegraph and other search engines today will suggest query alternatives based on rules. For example, you might see the suggestion if the user maybe meant to use a regular expression:

*Did you mean /func.*test/?*

Helpful, but can we do better? One limitation with this kind of suggestion is that it typically results from a static rule. We don't actually run the query, nor check that the suggestion actually returns results. Suggestions are hopeful: if a user clicks on one they may see useful results, or they may not. What would a solution look like where the user doesn't jump through additional hoops like reading the suggestions and clicking on them to hopefully see results? A previous Google code search study shows that users frequently reformulate queries to arrive at results. In our experience, query reformulation is one sign that results might not be matching up with a user's original intent.

Automatically running alternative queries

We've found that users often see "No results" for their query due to common pitfalls. Perhaps they meant to use regular expressions, or they don't want the ordering of terms in the query to matter, or they want to search literally for punctuation like quotes. Instead of merely suggesting ways to remedy syntax, Sourcegraph 4.2 now includes a new feature called Smart Search that automatically runs and reports results of alternative queries. The main goal is to show potentially useful results when a query is susceptible to common pitfalls instead of "No results". Below is a screenshot in action.

In this example, the query go␣buf␣byte␣parser was first searched literally. The exact string didn't find any results, and Sourcegraph would normally just report "No results". With Smart Search enabled, we make a guess that the user might have meant go to refer to the desired language, so we convert go to a lang:Go filter. We also convert remaining patterns to the expression buf AND byte AND parser to find files contain all of the terms, in any order. Smart Search immediately shows results for this newly generated query, and the number of results found.

We found a combination of key parts make this idea work well in practice:

• Only run Smart Search when the original query finds no results. Otherwise, we risk drastically changing behavior that users are already accustomed to.
• Only report generated queries and their associated results if there really are results. That is, if a query suggestion appears, it guarantees that results exist for the associated query.
• Make the behavior togglable in the UI
• . It should be possible to deactivate Smart Search because it is sometimes useful to check the absence of particular results, like bad coding patterns.
• Use a fixed set of transformation rules to generate queries for common pitfalls and cap the number of generated queries and result set size. This ensures we don't run an excessive amount of additional searches and impact overall performance.

How we measured effectiveness

Before shipping Smart Search, we gauged its potential impact on search performance and usability. We ran an A/B test on our public Sourcegraph.com instance for 5 weeks across more than 10,000 unique users and collected anonymized, aggregate data on search result click rate. Half of the users received Sourcegraph with Smart Search enabled and the other half without. Here are our main results (find more details in the full study preprint).

• Users are 22% more likely to click on a search result at all on any given day, compared to the baseline. Below is a cumulative distribution function showing the breakdown of users who click on a result at all on a given day, and the relative improvement when running alternative queries.

• Of the rules tested, users most frequently benefit from patterns that are separated by AND operators versus literal search. Second, users benefit from patterns that could be quoted/unquoted without needing to manually escape punctuation. Results still get clicked for patterns converted to regular expressions or language filters (an absolute improvement over "No results"), though less frequently.

• On average 22% of all users trigger Smart Search on a given day on one or more of their queries. On average 12% of all searches trigger Smart Search.

Bottom line

Evaluating alternative queries generally leads to users finding relevant results more often (+22% result click rate) with no extra interaction required (users don't need to read or click on query suggestions). There is some performance overhead: additional searches are run on average 12% of the time. In our experience we find the overhead is worth the cost of improving code search ergonomics.

See the preprint of the full study for more details. The Smart Search feature documentation contains up-to-date descriptions of the feature in Sourcegraph as it evolves.